Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe

Abstract

Europe PMC Funders Author Manuscripts In European and many African, Middle Eastern and Southern Asian populations lactase persistence (LP) is the most strongly selected monogenic trait to have evolved over the last 10,000 years1. While LP selection and prehistoric milk consumption must be linked, considerable uncertainty remains concerning their spatiotemporal configuration and specific interactions2,3. We provide detailed distributions of milk exploitation across Europe over the last 9k years using c. 7,000 pottery fat residues from >550 archaeological sites. European milk use was widespread from the Neolithic period onwards but varied spatially and temporally in intensity. Surprisingly, comparison of model likelihoods indicates that LP selection varying with levels of prehistoric milk exploitation provides no better explanation of LP allele frequency trajectories than uniform selection since the Neolithic. In the UK Biobank4,5 cohort of ~500K contemporary Europeans, LP genotype was only weakly associated with milk consumption and did not show consistent associations with improved fitness or health indicators. This suggests other hypotheses on the beneficial effects of LP should be considered for its rapid frequency increase. We propose that lactase non-persistent individuals consumed milk when it became available, but that under particular conditions and microbiological milieux this was disadvantageous, driving LP selection in prehistoric Europe. Comparison of model likelihoods indicates that population fluctuations, settlement density and wild animal exploitation – proxies for these drivers – provide better explanations of LP selection than the extent of milk exploitation. These findings offer new perspectives on prehistoric milk exploitation and LP evolution. When our ancestors started to consume the milk of domesticated ruminant animals they set in motion a sequence of events leading to the evolution of lactase persistence (LP)6 and ultimately the modern globalised dairy industry, using c.1.5 billion cattle7 as the principal milk source. Evidence for prehistoric milk exploitation, based on combined faunal and organic residue analysis, indicates considerable spatial variability. Analysis of sheep/goat Correspondence to: Richard P. Evershed; George Davey-Smith; Mélanie Roffet-Salque; Mark G. Thomas. Corresponding author requests to RPE, MR-S, MGT and GD-S. Author Contribution RPE, MGT and GDS conceived the overall study. …