Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals the Unique Genetic Diversity Represented by Fat-Tailed Coarse-Wooled Sheep Breeds of Kazakhstan

Abstract

Sheep farming is an important part of agriculture in Kazakhstan, especially fat-tailed breeds that are well adapted to the local environment. Namely, Kazakh fat-tailed coarse-wooled, Edilbay, and Gissar sheep breeds are valued for their ability to thrive in harsh pasture conditions, their early maturity, and production of high-quality meat, fat, and wool. Despite their economic and cultural importance, little is known about the genetic background of these animals. In this study, we analyzed genome-wide SNP data from 160 animals representing the three main local breeds to gain insights into their diversity and relationship with other sheep worldwide. Our aim was to explore what makes these breeds unique and how they have developed over time. Understanding their genetics is essential for improving breeding programs, protecting valuable traits, and ensuring the long-term sustainability of sheep farming in Kazakhstan. It also contributes to preserving the country’s agricultural heritage and supporting food security in the region. Our findings show that the Edilbay breed possesses particularly high genetic diversity and forms a distinct group, while some gene flow was also detected among the studied populations. Overall, the native sheep of Kazakhstan represent a significant reservoir of genetic variation in Central Asia, underscoring their importance for conservation and future breeding strategies.