Archaeogenetic insights into the demographic history of Late Neanderthals

Abstract

Knowledge of the population history of Neanderthals remains incomplete, including the evolutionary processes that preceded their extinction. This study provides evidence for a widespread genetic replacement in the demographic history of European Neanderthals. By integrating mtDNA and archaeological data, we reveal a geographic contraction followed by the expansion of Late Neanderthal populations, likely influenced by climatic fluctuations and resulting in a high genetic homogeneity before their disappearance. Specifically, our analyses suggest that Late Neanderthals across Europe largely derive from a major diversification event that took place ~65 ka in southwestern France. This was followed by a wider geographic spread, which is consistent with a postglacial population re-expansion across Europe. Keywords: neanderthals, ancient DNA, archaeology, demographic history